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15NH3 in the atmosphere of a cool brown dwarf

Abstract

Brown dwarfs serve as ideal laboratories for studying the atmospheres of giant exoplanets on wide orbits as the governing physical and chemical processes in them are nearly identical1,2. Understanding the formation of gas giant planets is challenging, often involving the endeav our to link atmospheric abundance ratios, such as the carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio, to for mation scenarios3. However, the complexity of planet formation requires additional tracers, as the unambiguous interpretation of the measured C/O ratio is fraught with complexity4. Isotope ratios, such as deuterium-to-hydrogen and 14N/15N, offer a promising avenue to gain further insight into this formation process, mirroring their utility within the solar system5,6,7. For exoplanets only a handful of constraints on 12C/13C exist, pointing to the accretion of 13C rich ice from beyond the disks’ CO iceline8,9. Here we report on the mid-infrared detection of the 14NH3 and 15NH3 isotopologues in the atmosphere of a cool brown dwarf with an effective temperature of 380 K in a spectrum taken with the Mid-InfraRed Instrument of the JamesWebb Space Telescope. As expected, our results reveal a 14N/15N value consistent with star-like formation by gravitational collapse, demonstrating that this ratio can be accurately constrained. Since young stars and their planets should be more strongly enriched in the 15N isotope10, we expect that 15NH3 will be detectable in a number of cold, wide-separation exoplanets.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: David Barrado, Paul Mollière, Polychronis Patapis

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Astrobiologa (CAB), CSIC-INTA, ESAC Campus, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    David Barrado, María Morales-Calderón & Luis Colina

  2. Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg, Germany

    Paul Mollière, Matthias Samland, Thomas Henning, Manuel Guedel, Jeroen Bouwman, Oliver Krause & Silvia Scheithauer

  3. Institute of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, Zurich, Switzerland

    Polychronis Patapis & Adrian M. Glauser

  4. SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Michiel Min & Fred Lahuis

  5. Universit Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, Maison de la Simulation, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Pascal Tremblin

  6. Kapteyn Institute of Astronomy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Francisco Ardevol Martinez, Inga Kamp & Michael Mueller

  7. Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Leiden, The Netherlands

    Francisco Ardevol Martinez

  8. School of GeoSciences and Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

    Francisco Ardevol Martinez

  9. Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA

    Niall Whiteford

  10. STAR Institute, Universit de Lige, Alle du Six Aot 19c, Lige, Belgium

    Malavika Vasist & Olivier Absil

  11. Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, Belgium

    Ioannis Argyriou, Leen Decin, Bart Vandenbussche & Pierre Royer

  12. Universit Paris-Saclay, Universit Paris cit, CEA, CNRS, AIM, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France

    Pierre-Olivier Lagage & Alain Coulais

  13. Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Rens Waters

  14. SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Rens Waters

  15. Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Trkenschanzstr. 17, Vienna, Austria

    Manuel Guedel

  16. ETH Zrich, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, Zrich, Switzerland

    Manuel Guedel

  17. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Universit PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit, Universit de Paris Cit, 5 place Jules Janssen, Meudon, France

    Pierre Baudoz, Anthony Boccaletti & Daniel Rouan

  18. Universit Paris-Saclay, CEA, Dpartement d’Electronique des Dtecteurs et d’Informatique pour la Physique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Christophe Cossou

  19. LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, Universit PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit, Paris, France

    Alain Coulais

  20. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Nicolas Crouzet & Ewine F. van Dishoeck

  21. Universit Paris-Saclay, Universit Paris Cit, CEA, CNRS, AIM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    René Gastaud

  22. UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

    Alistair Glasse

  23. European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Sarah Kendrew

  24. Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden

    Göran Olofsson

  25. School of Physics & Astronomy, Space Research Centre, Space Park Leicester, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester, United Kingdom

    John Pye

  26. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom

    Ingo Waldmann

  27. School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin, Ireland

    Tom Ray

  28. Department of Astronomy, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    Göran Östlin

  29. UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

    Gillian Wright

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  1. David Barrado
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to
David Barrado.

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Barrado, D., Mollière, P., Patapis, P. et al. 15NH3 in the atmosphere of a cool brown dwarf.
Nature (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06813-y

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  • Received: 11 July 2023

  • Accepted: 31 October 2023

  • Published: 06 November 2023

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06813-y

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