Between 3.6 million and 4 million babies are born in the U.S. annually, and an alarming number of those infants come into the world having been nurtured by moms who are deficient in essential nutrients and phytochemicals. That’s the finding of a new study co-led by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Turns out that the average Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score of participating pregnant women was barely passing, earning them a “D.”

The HEI looks at consumption of total fruit, whole fruit, total vegetables, greens and beans, whole grains, dairy, total protein, seafood, and plant proteins, as well as fatty acids, like omega-3s from salmon. It also looks at whether refined grains, sodium, added sugars and saturated fats are eaten in moderation.