Daily News

Comparison of the digestive tolerance of an oligomeric versus a polymeric oral nutritional supplement in people with anorexia nervosa. A randomised crossover clinical trial

Abstract

Background

Most people with anorexia nervosa (pAN) have digestive symptoms, which affect tolerance to nutritional treatment. Oligomeric oral nutritional supplements may be better absorbed and tolerated than polymeric ones. Our aim was to compare an oligomeric versus a polymeric nutritional supplement in pAN in terms of worsening of digestive symptoms after ingestion (primary objective) and in terms of sensory perception of the supplement (secondary objective).

Methods

A randomised, crossover, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted. Inclusion criteria were: male or female aged 12–50 years with anorexia nervosa treated at the Eating Disorders Unit of the Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain. Participants were randomised to first receive one container of the oligomeric or polymeric supplement. A digestive symptom questionnaire was administered, which they completed again after taking the supplement, together with a questionnaire for sensory evaluation of the supplement. One week later, they received a container of the other type of supplement, and the process was repeated. Analysis was performed on a per protocol basis.

Results

Ten people were randomised to the oligomeric-polymeric sequence and 12 to the polymeric-oligomeric sequence, of whom 9 and 11, respectively, finally received the intervention and were analysed. There were no statistically significant differences in digestive symptoms between the two supplements. The oligomeric one scored lower on taste and higher on acidity. The median (interquartile range) for oligomeric and polymeric were respectively: taste 6.5 (4), 8(3), p 0.03; acidity 0 (1), 0 (0), p 0.01.

Conclusions

In pAN, there is no difference in the worsening of digestive symptoms after ingestion of oligomeric versus polymeric supplements. Polymerics are perceived as having better taste and less acidity.

Trial registration

The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT05184738.

Access through your institution

Buy or subscribe

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access through your institution

/* style specs start */

/* style specs end */

Buy this article

  • Purchase on SpringerLink
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

/* style specs start */
style {
display: none !important;
}
.LiveAreaSection * {
align-content: stretch;
align-items: stretch;
align-self: auto;
animation-delay: 0s;
animation-direction: normal;
animation-duration: 0s;
animation-fill-mode: none;
animation-iteration-count: 1;
animation-name: none;
animation-play-state: running;
animation-timing-function: ease;
azimuth: center;
backface-visibility: visible;
background-attachment: scroll;
background-blend-mode: normal;
background-clip: borderBox;
background-color: transparent;
background-image: none;
background-origin: paddingBox;
background-position: 0 0;
background-repeat: repeat;
background-size: auto auto;
block-size: auto;
border-block-end-color: currentcolor;
border-block-end-style: none;
border-block-end-width: medium;
border-block-start-color: currentcolor;
border-block-start-style: none;
border-block-start-width: medium;
border-bottom-color: currentcolor;
border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
border-bottom-style: none;
border-bottom-width: medium;
border-collapse: separate;
border-image-outset: 0s;
border-image-repeat: stretch;
border-image-slice: 100%;
border-image-source: none;
border-image-width: 1;
border-inline-end-color: currentcolor;
border-inline-end-style: none;
border-inline-end-width: medium;
border-inline-start-color: currentcolor;
border-inline-start-style: none;
border-inline-start-width: medium;
border-left-color: currentcolor;
border-left-style: none;
border-left-width: medium;
border-right-color: currentcolor;
border-right-style: none;
border-right-width: medium;
border-spacing: 0;
border-top-color: currentcolor;
border-top-left-radius: 0;
border-top-right-radius: 0;
border-top-style: none;
border-top-width: medium;
bottom: auto;
box-decoration-break: slice;
box-shadow: none;
box-sizing: border-box;
break-after: auto;
break-before: auto;
break-inside: auto;
caption-side: top;
caret-color: auto;
clear: none;
clip: auto;
clip-path: none;
color: initial;
column-count: auto;
column-fill: balance;
column-gap: normal;
column-rule-color: currentcolor;
column-rule-style: none;
column-rule-width: medium;
column-span: none;
column-width: auto;
content: normal;
counter-increment: none;
counter-reset: none;
cursor: auto;
display: inline;
empty-cells: show;
filter: none;
flex-basis: auto;
flex-direction: row;
flex-grow: 0;
flex-shrink: 1;
flex-wrap: nowrap;
float: none;
font-family: initial;
font-feature-settings: normal;
font-kerning: auto;
font-language-override: normal;
font-size: medium;
font-size-adjust: none;
font-stretch: normal;
font-style: normal;
font-synthesis: weight style;
font-variant: normal;
font-variant-alternates: normal;
font-variant-caps: normal;
font-variant-east-asian: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal;
font-variant-numeric: normal;
font-variant-position: normal;
font-weight: 400;
grid-auto-columns: auto;
grid-auto-flow: row;
grid-auto-rows: auto;
grid-column-end: auto;
grid-column-gap: 0;
grid-column-start: auto;
grid-row-end: auto;
grid-row-gap: 0;
grid-row-start: auto;
grid-template-areas: none;
grid-template-columns: none;
grid-template-rows: none;
height: auto;
hyphens: manual;
image-orientation: 0deg;
image-rendering: auto;
image-resolution: 1dppx;
ime-mode: auto;
inline-size: auto;
isolation: auto;
justify-content: flexStart;
left: auto;
letter-spacing: normal;
line-break: auto;
line-height: normal;
list-style-image: none;
list-style-position: outside;
list-style-type: disc;
margin-block-end: 0;
margin-block-start: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
margin-inline-end: 0;
margin-inline-start: 0;
margin-left: 0;
margin-right: 0;
margin-top: 0;
mask-clip: borderBox;
mask-composite: add;
mask-image: none;
mask-mode: matchSource;
mask-origin: borderBox;
mask-position: 0 0;
mask-repeat: repeat;
mask-size: auto;
mask-type: luminance;
max-height: none;
max-width: none;
min-block-size: 0;
min-height: 0;
min-inline-size: 0;
min-width: 0;
mix-blend-mode: normal;
object-fit: fill;
object-position: 50% 50%;
offset-block-end: auto;
offset-block-start: auto;
offset-inline-end: auto;
offset-inline-start: auto;
opacity: 1;
order: 0;
orphans: 2;
outline-color: initial;
outline-offset: 0;
outline-style: none;
outline-width: medium;
overflow: visible;
overflow-wrap: normal;
overflow-x: visible;
overflow-y: visible;
padding-block-end: 0;
padding-block-start: 0;
padding-bottom: 0;
padding-inline-end: 0;
padding-inline-start: 0;
padding-left: 0;
padding-right: 0;
padding-top: 0;
page-break-after: auto;
page-break-before: auto;
page-break-inside: auto;
perspective: none;
perspective-origin: 50% 50%;
pointer-events: auto;
position: static;
quotes: initial;
resize: none;
right: auto;
ruby-align: spaceAround;
ruby-merge: separate;
ruby-position: over;
scroll-behavior: auto;
scroll-snap-coordinate: none;
scroll-snap-destination: 0 0;
scroll-snap-points-x: none;
scroll-snap-points-y: none;
scroll-snap-type: none;
shape-image-threshold: 0;
shape-margin: 0;
shape-outside: none;
tab-size: 8;
table-layout: auto;
text-align: initial;
text-align-last: auto;
text-combine-upright: none;
text-decoration-color: currentcolor;
text-decoration-line: none;
text-decoration-style: solid;
text-emphasis-color: currentcolor;
text-emphasis-position: over right;
text-emphasis-style: none;
text-indent: 0;
text-justify: auto;
text-orientation: mixed;
text-overflow: clip;
text-rendering: auto;
text-shadow: none;
text-transform: none;
text-underline-position: auto;
top: auto;
touch-action: auto;
transform: none;
transform-box: borderBox;
transform-origin: 50% 50%0;
transform-style: flat;
transition-delay: 0s;
transition-duration: 0s;
transition-property: all;
transition-timing-function: ease;
vertical-align: baseline;
visibility: visible;
white-space: normal;
widows: 2;
width: auto;
will-change: auto;
word-break: normal;
word-spacing: normal;
word-wrap: normal;
writing-mode: horizontalTb;
z-index: auto;
-webkit-appearance: none;
-moz-appearance: none;
-ms-appearance: none;
appearance: none;
margin: 0;
}
.LiveAreaSection {
width: 100%;
}
.LiveAreaSection .login-option-buybox {
display: block;
width: 100%;
font-size: 17px;
line-height: 30px;
color: #222;
padding-top: 30px;
font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
}
.LiveAreaSection .additional-access-options {
display: block;
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 17px;
line-height: 30px;
color: #222;
font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
}
.LiveAreaSection .additional-login > li:not(:first-child)::before {
transform: translateY(-50%);
content: “”;
height: 1rem;
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
left: 0;
border-left: 2px solid #999;
}
.LiveAreaSection .additional-login > li:not(:first-child) {
padding-left: 10px;
}
.LiveAreaSection .additional-login > li {
display: inline-block;
position: relative;
vertical-align: middle;
padding-right: 10px;
}
.BuyBoxSection {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
flex: 1;
flex-direction: row-reverse;
margin: -30px -15px 0;
}
.BuyBoxSection .box-inner {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
padding: 30px 5px;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: space-between;
}
.BuyBoxSection p {
margin: 0;
}
.BuyBoxSection .readcube-buybox {
background-color: #f3f3f3;
flex-shrink: 1;
flex-grow: 1;
flex-basis: 255px;
background-clip: content-box;
padding: 0 15px;
margin-top: 30px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .subscribe-buybox {
background-color: #f3f3f3;
flex-shrink: 1;
flex-grow: 4;
flex-basis: 300px;
background-clip: content-box;
padding: 0 15px;
margin-top: 30px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .subscribe-buybox-nature-plus {
background-color: #f3f3f3;
flex-shrink: 1;
flex-grow: 4;
flex-basis: 100%;
background-clip: content-box;
padding: 0 15px;
margin-top: 30px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .title-readcube,
.BuyBoxSection .title-buybox {
display: block;
margin: 0;
margin-right: 10%;
margin-left: 10%;
font-size: 24px;
line-height: 32px;
color: #222;
text-align: center;
font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
}
.BuyBoxSection .title-asia-buybox {
display: block;
margin: 0;
margin-right: 5%;
margin-left: 5%;
font-size: 24px;
line-height: 32px;
color: #222;
text-align: center;
font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
}
.BuyBoxSection .asia-link,
.Link-328123652,
.Link-2926870917,
.Link-2291679238,
.Link-595459207 {
color: #069;
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
font-size: 1.05em;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 1.05em6;
}
.BuyBoxSection .access-readcube {
display: block;
margin: 0;
margin-right: 10%;
margin-left: 10%;
font-size: 14px;
color: #222;
padding-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 20px;
}
.BuyBoxSection ul {
margin: 0;
}
.BuyBoxSection .link-usp {
display: list-item;
margin: 0;
margin-left: 20px;
padding-top: 6px;
list-style-position: inside;
}
.BuyBoxSection .link-usp span {
font-size: 14px;
color: #222;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 20px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .access-asia-buybox {
display: block;
margin: 0;
margin-right: 5%;
margin-left: 5%;
font-size: 14px;
color: #222;
padding-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 20px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .access-buybox {
display: block;
margin: 0;
margin-right: 10%;
margin-left: 10%;
font-size: 14px;
color: #222;
opacity: 0.8px;
padding-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 20px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .price-buybox {
display: block;
font-size: 30px;
color: #222;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
padding-top: 30px;
text-align: center;
}
.BuyBoxSection .price-buybox-to {
display: block;
font-size: 30px;
color: #222;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
text-align: center;
}
.BuyBoxSection .price-info-text {
font-size: 16px;
padding-right: 10px;
color: #222;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
}
.BuyBoxSection .price-value {
font-size: 30px;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
}
.BuyBoxSection .price-per-period {
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
}
.BuyBoxSection .price-from {
font-size: 14px;
padding-right: 10px;
color: #222;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 20px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .issue-buybox {
display: block;
font-size: 13px;
text-align: center;
color: #222;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 19px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .no-price-buybox {
display: block;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 18px;
text-align: center;
padding-right: 10%;
padding-left: 10%;
padding-bottom: 20px;
padding-top: 30px;
color: #222;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
}
.BuyBoxSection .vat-buybox {
display: block;
margin-top: 5px;
margin-right: 20%;
margin-left: 20%;
font-size: 11px;
color: #222;
padding-top: 10px;
padding-bottom: 15px;
text-align: center;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: 17px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .tax-buybox {
display: block;
width: 100%;
color: #222;
padding: 20px 16px;
text-align: center;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
line-height: NaNpx;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-container {
display: flex;
padding-right: 20px;
padding-left: 20px;
justify-content: center;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-container > * {
flex: 1px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-container > a:hover,
.Button-505204839:hover,
.Button-1078489254:hover,
.Button-2737859108:hover {
text-decoration: none;
}
.BuyBoxSection .btn-secondary {
background: #fff;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-asia {
background: #069;
border: 1px solid #069;
border-radius: 0;
cursor: pointer;
display: block;
padding: 9px;
outline: 0;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
min-width: 80px;
margin-top: 75px;
}
.BuyBoxSection .button-label-asia,
.ButtonLabel-3869432492,
.ButtonLabel-3296148077,
.ButtonLabel-1636778223 {
display: block;
color: #fff;
font-size: 17px;
line-height: 20px;
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, “Segoe UI”, Roboto,
Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, “Helvetica Neue”, sans-serif;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
cursor: pointer;
}
.Button-505204839,
.Button-1078489254,
.Button-2737859108 {
background: #069;
border: 1px solid #069;
border-radius: 0;
cursor: pointer;
display: block;
padding: 9px;
outline: 0;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
min-width: 80px;
max-width: 320px;
margin-top: 20px;
}
.Button-505204839 .btn-secondary-label,
.Button-1078489254 .btn-secondary-label,
.Button-2737859108 .btn-secondary-label {
color: #069;
}
.uList-2102244549 {
list-style: none;
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
/* style specs end */

Fig. 1: Participant flow in the study.

Data availability

Data supporting the results of this trial are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Jafar W, Morgan J. Anorexia nervosa and the gastrointestinal tract. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2022;13:316–24.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  2. Schalla MA, Stengel A. Gastrointestinal alterations in anorexia nervosa—a systematic review. Eur Eat Disord Rev J Eat Disord Assoc. 2019;27:447–61.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kamal N, Chami T, Andersen A, Rosell FA, Schuster MM, Whitehead WE. Delayed gastrointestinal transit times in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Gastroenterology. 1991;101:1320–4.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hirakawa M, Okada T, Iida M, Tamai H, Kobayashi N, Nakagawa T, et al. Small bowel transit time measured by hydrogen breath test in patients with anorexia nervosa. Dig Dis Sci. 1990;35:733–6.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  5. Mehler PS, Brown C. Anorexia nervosa—medical complications. J Eat Disord. 2015;3:11.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  6. Rigaud D, Bedig G, Merrouche M, Vulpillat M, Bonfils S, Apfelbaum M. Delayed gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa is improved by completion of a renutrition program. Dig Dis Sci. 1988;33:919–25.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  7. Waldholtz BD, Andersen AE. Gastrointestinal symptoms in anorexia nervosa. A prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:1415–9.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Monsignori A, Menegotti M, Salandini L, Di Matteo G, et al. Anorectal dysfunction in constipated women with anorexia nervosa. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:1015–9.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  9. Szmukler GI, Young GP, Lichtenstein M, Andrews JT. A serial study of gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Aust N Z J Med. 1990;20:220–5.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  10. West M, McMaster CM, Staudacher HM, Hart S, Jacka FN, Stewart T, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms following treatment for anorexia nervosa: a systematic literature review. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54:936–51.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  11. Golden NH, Meyer W. Nutritional rehabilitation of anorexia nervosa. Goals and dangers. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2004;16:131–44.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gómez-Candela C, Palma Milla S, Miján-de-la-Torre A, Rodríguez Ortega P, Matía Martín P, Loria Kohen V, et al. [Consensus document about the nutritional evaluation and management of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa]. Nutr Hosp. 2018;35:11–48.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  13. Marzola E, Nasser JA, Hashim SA, Shih PAB, Kaye WH. Nutritional rehabilitation in anorexia nervosa: review of the literature and implications for treatment. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gómez Candela C, Palma Milla S, Miján-de-la-Torre A, Rodríguez Ortega P, Matía Martín P, Loria Cohen V, et al. [Consensus document about the nutritional evaluation and management of eating disorders: bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and others]. Nutr Hosp. 2018;35:49–97.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  15. Imbierowicz K, Braks K, Jacoby GE, Geiser F, Conrad R, Schilling G, et al. High-caloric supplements in anorexia treatment. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;32:135–45.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  16. Olveira Fuster G, editor. Manual de nutrición clínica y dietética. 4th ed. Málaga: Díaz de Santos; 2023.

  17. Sanz-Paris A, Martinez-García M, Martinez-Trufero J, Lambea-Sorrosal J, Calvo-Gracia F, López-Alaminos ME. Oligomeric enteral nutrition in undernutrition, due to oncology treatment-related diarrhea. Systematic review and proposal of an algorithm of action. Nutrients. 2019;11:1888.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  18. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

  19. Cuerda C, Pironi L, Arends J, Bozzetti F, Gillanders L, Jeppesen PB, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in chronic intestinal failure. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:5196–220.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  20. Arvanitakis M, Ockenga J, Bezmarevic M, Gianotti L, Krznarić Ž, Lobo DN, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Clin Nutr. 2020;39:612–31.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nakahigashi M, Yamamoto T, Sacco R, Hanai H, Kobayashi F. Enteral nutrition for maintaining remission in patients with quiescent Crohn’s disease: current status and future perspectives. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2016;31:1–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  22. Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Enteral nutrition for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;18:CD005984.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Petrov MS, Loveday BPT, Pylypchuk RD, McIlroy K, Phillips ARJ, Windsor JA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteral nutrition formulations in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2009;96:1243–52.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mukai J, Miyanaga Y, Ishizaka T, Asaka K, Nakai Y, Tsuji E, et al. Quantitative taste evaluation of total enteral nutrients. Chem Pharm Bull. 2004;52:1416–21.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  25. McGough C, Peacock N, Hackett C, Baldwin C, Norman A, Frost G, et al. Taste preferences for oral nutrition supplements in patients before and after pelvic radiotherapy: a double-blind controlled study. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:906–12.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  26. Marzola E, Cavallo F, Pradella P, Brustolin A, Abbate-Daga G. A tasting experiment comparing food and nutritional supplement in anorexia nervosa. Appetite. 2020;155:104789.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  27. Trovato CM, Capriati T, Bolasco G, Campana C, Papa V, Mazzoli B, et al. Five-year inpatient management of teenagers with anorexia nervosa: focus on nutritional issues. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022;74:674–80.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The study was monitored by the METAnetwork. The IBIMA Department of Biostatistics collaborated in the statistical analysis of the study.

Funding

Adventia Pharma partially collaborated with an unconditional grant and the free provision of nutritional supplements. IRG holds a Río Hortega contract from the Carlos III National Health Institute, co-funded by European Social Fund 2014-2020 “The FSE invests in your future”; number: CM20/00225. The researchers declare their independence in the conduct of the study. The funder had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Malaga, Spain

    Ignacio Ruiz García, Nuria Porras Pérez, Francisca García Torres, Lourdes Olivas Delgado, Francisco José Sánchez Torralvo & Gabriel Olveira

  2. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Malaga, Spain

    Ignacio Ruiz García, Nuria Porras Pérez, Francisca García Torres, Lourdes Olivas Delgado, Francisco José Sánchez Torralvo & Gabriel Olveira

  3. Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología, Malaga, Spain

    Ignacio Ruiz García & Gabriel Olveira

  4. Servicio de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Malaga, Spain

    Margarita Pascual López & Carmen Fernández Marzalo

  5. CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Malaga, Spain

    Gabriel Olveira

Authors

  1. Ignacio Ruiz García
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nuria Porras Pérez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francisca García Torres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lourdes Olivas Delgado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  5. Francisco José Sánchez Torralvo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  6. Margarita Pascual López
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  7. Carmen Fernández Marzalo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  8. Gabriel Olveira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: GO; methodology: IRG, FGT, NPP, GO; software: IRG, NPP, GO; validation: IRG, GO; formal analysis: IRG, NPP, FJST, GO; investigation: IRG, FGT, NPP, CFM, LOD, GO; resources: IRG, FGT, NPP, CFM, LOD, FJST, MPL, GO; data curation: IRG, NPP; writing—original draft preparation: IRG; writing—review and editing: IRG, GO; visualization: IRG, GO; supervision: IRG, GO; project administration: GO; funding acquisition: IRG, GO. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to
Gabriel Olveira.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

IRG has received honorarium support for a presentation from Adventia Pharma. GO has received occasional honorarium support for presentations, meeting attendance, and travel from Adventia Pharma. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationship that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Malaga Provincial Research Ethics Committee on 30 September 2021, code 1735-N-21. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects included in the study. The material used in this article is in the public domain or is under an open licence that allows its reproduction. Every effort has been made to properly attribute the original source of the material used.

Consent for publication

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. In the case of minors, the informed consent was signed by their legal representative.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ruiz García, I., Porras Pérez, N., García Torres, F. et al. Comparison of the digestive tolerance of an oligomeric versus a polymeric oral nutritional supplement in people with anorexia nervosa. A randomised crossover clinical trial.
Eur J Clin Nutr (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-025-01608-y

Download citation

  • Received: 19 December 2023

  • Revised: 13 February 2025

  • Accepted: 18 March 2025

  • Published: 31 March 2025

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-025-01608-y

news

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *