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Climate extremes disrupt fungal–bacterial interactions

Climate changes can destabilize soil microbial communities, but compound and sequential extreme climate events will magnify the destabilizing effects to other trophic levels — thereby impacting terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

One of the major forms of physical interactions occurs through the attachment of bacteria to fungal hyphae and bacterial dispersal along hyphae2. The fungal hyphal network has been shown to increase the spatial intermixing of different bacterial strains, and, therefore, is important for regulating bacterial diversity3. Metabolic interactions between fungi and bacteria involve cross-feeding; in this case, bacteria utilize hyphal exudates as carbon (C) resources for growth, while fungal hyphae can absorb essential nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) released during P and N mobilization by bacteria4. Physical and metabolic interactions between fungi and bacteria often determine their eco-evolutionary interactions. Fungal hyphae-mediated bacterial dispersal can promote horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among bacterial cells3, and thereby drive rapid evolution in bacteria5. For example, HGT between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Diversispora epigaea) and its endosymbiotic bacteria, known as Mollicutes or Mycoplasma-related endobacteria, have recently been found through comparative genome analysis. More specifically, D. epigaea acquired genes that could function in defence against foreign DNA or viruses from endobacteria; and the endobacteria acquired several genes that could be involved in fungal metabolism, such as those encoding chitin deacetylase, glycosyltransferase family proteins, chitin synthase and malic enzyme6. Physical interactions between fungi and bacteria can also affect their metabolic interactions. For instance, the attachment of Bacillus subtilis on the hyphae of Aspergillus niger resulted in a decrease in the antifungal and antibacterial metabolism of B. subtilis and A. niger at the transcriptional level, respectively7. Taken together, such feedback among the three types of FBI is central to understanding the structure and functioning of soil microbiomes.

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Fig. 1: FBIs regulate ecosystem functioning.
Fig. 2: FBIs shift during the resistance and recovery phases.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful for the support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (awarded to M.P.T., grant no. 310030_212550).

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  1. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Jingjing Shi & Madhav P. Thakur

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  1. Jingjing Shi
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J.S. and M.P.T. developed the ideas and wrote the Comment together.

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Madhav P. Thakur.

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Shi, J., Thakur, M.P. Climate extremes disrupt fungal–bacterial interactions.
Nat Microbiol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01531-7

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  • Published: 29 November 2023

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01531-7

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