Daily News

Does faster weight trajectory lead to improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in ELBW infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

Abstract

Objective

Examine the relationship between weight trajectory and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes for extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants with BPD.

Study design

Secondary analysis of infants born from 2010 to 2019. The predictor was BPD severity and the outcome was neurodevelopmental impairment, defined as any Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) III score <70 at 24 months’ corrected age. Repeated measures logistic regression was performed.

Results

In total, 5042 infants were included. Faster weight trajectory was significantly associated with a decreased probability of having at least one BSID III score <70 for infants with grade 1–2 BPD (p < 0.0001) and an increased probability of at least one BSID III score <70 for infants with grade 3 BPD (p < 0.009). There was no significant association between weight trajectory and BSID III score <70 for infants with grade 0 BPD.

Conclusion

The association between postnatal weight trajectory and neurodevelopmental outcome in this study differs by BPD severity.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

/* style specs start */
style{display:none!important}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 *{align-content:stretch;align-items:stretch;align-self:auto;animation-delay:0s;animation-direction:normal;animation-duration:0s;animation-fill-mode:none;animation-iteration-count:1;animation-name:none;animation-play-state:running;animation-timing-function:ease;azimuth:center;backface-visibility:visible;background-attachment:scroll;background-blend-mode:normal;background-clip:borderBox;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-origin:paddingBox;background-position:0 0;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto auto;block-size:auto;border-block-end-color:currentcolor;border-block-end-style:none;border-block-end-width:medium;border-block-start-color:currentcolor;border-block-start-style:none;border-block-start-width:medium;border-bottom-color:currentcolor;border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:medium;border-collapse:separate;border-image-outset:0s;border-image-repeat:stretch;border-image-slice:100%;border-image-source:none;border-image-width:1;border-inline-end-color:currentcolor;border-inline-end-style:none;border-inline-end-width:medium;border-inline-start-color:currentcolor;border-inline-start-style:none;border-inline-start-width:medium;border-left-color:currentcolor;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:medium;border-right-color:currentcolor;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:medium;border-spacing:0;border-top-color:currentcolor;border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0;border-top-style:none;border-top-width:medium;bottom:auto;box-decoration-break:slice;box-shadow:none;box-sizing:border-box;break-after:auto;break-before:auto;break-inside:auto;caption-side:top;caret-color:auto;clear:none;clip:auto;clip-path:none;color:initial;column-count:auto;column-fill:balance;column-gap:normal;column-rule-color:currentcolor;column-rule-style:none;column-rule-width:medium;column-span:none;column-width:auto;content:normal;counter-increment:none;counter-reset:none;cursor:auto;display:inline;empty-cells:show;filter:none;flex-basis:auto;flex-direction:row;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:1;flex-wrap:nowrap;float:none;font-family:initial;font-feature-settings:normal;font-kerning:auto;font-language-override:normal;font-size:medium;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;font-synthesis:weight style;font-variant:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-position:normal;font-weight:400;grid-auto-columns:auto;grid-auto-flow:row;grid-auto-rows:auto;grid-column-end:auto;grid-column-gap:0;grid-column-start:auto;grid-row-end:auto;grid-row-gap:0;grid-row-start:auto;grid-template-areas:none;grid-template-columns:none;grid-template-rows:none;height:auto;hyphens:manual;image-orientation:0deg;image-rendering:auto;image-resolution:1dppx;ime-mode:auto;inline-size:auto;isolation:auto;justify-content:flexStart;left:auto;letter-spacing:normal;line-break:auto;line-height:normal;list-style-image:none;list-style-position:outside;list-style-type:disc;margin-block-end:0;margin-block-start:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-inline-end:0;margin-inline-start:0;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;mask-clip:borderBox;mask-composite:add;mask-image:none;mask-mode:matchSource;mask-origin:borderBox;mask-position:0 0;mask-repeat:repeat;mask-size:auto;mask-type:luminance;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-block-size:0;min-height:0;min-inline-size:0;min-width:0;mix-blend-mode:normal;object-fit:fill;object-position:50% 50%;offset-block-end:auto;offset-block-start:auto;offset-inline-end:auto;offset-inline-start:auto;opacity:1;order:0;orphans:2;outline-color:initial;outline-offset:0;outline-style:none;outline-width:medium;overflow:visible;overflow-wrap:normal;overflow-x:visible;overflow-y:visible;padding-block-end:0;padding-block-start:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-inline-end:0;padding-inline-start:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;page-break-after:auto;page-break-before:auto;page-break-inside:auto;perspective:none;perspective-origin:50% 50%;pointer-events:auto;position:static;quotes:initial;resize:none;right:auto;ruby-align:spaceAround;ruby-merge:separate;ruby-position:over;scroll-behavior:auto;scroll-snap-coordinate:none;scroll-snap-destination:0 0;scroll-snap-points-x:none;scroll-snap-points-y:none;scroll-snap-type:none;shape-image-threshold:0;shape-margin:0;shape-outside:none;tab-size:8;table-layout:auto;text-align:initial;text-align-last:auto;text-combine-upright:none;text-decoration-color:currentcolor;text-decoration-line:none;text-decoration-style:solid;text-emphasis-color:currentcolor;text-emphasis-position:over right;text-emphasis-style:none;text-indent:0;text-justify:auto;text-orientation:mixed;text-overflow:clip;text-rendering:auto;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;text-underline-position:auto;top:auto;touch-action:auto;transform:none;transform-box:borderBox;transform-origin:50% 50%0;transform-style:flat;transition-delay:0s;transition-duration:0s;transition-property:all;transition-timing-function:ease;vertical-align:baseline;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;widows:2;width:auto;will-change:auto;word-break:normal;word-spacing:normal;word-wrap:normal;writing-mode:horizontalTb;z-index:auto;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;margin:0}.LiveAreaSection-193358632{width:100%}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .login-option-buybox{display:block;width:100%;font-size:17px;line-height:30px;color:#222;padding-top:30px;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .additional-access-options{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:17px;line-height:30px;color:#222;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .additional-login>li:not(:first-child)::before{transform:translateY(-50%);content:””;height:1rem;position:absolute;top:50%;left:0;border-left:2px solid #999}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .additional-login>li:not(:first-child){padding-left:10px}.LiveAreaSection-193358632 .additional-login>li{display:inline-block;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;padding-right:10px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;flex:1;flex-direction:row-reverse;margin:-30px -15px 0}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .box-inner{width:100%;height:100%}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .readcube-buybox{background-color:#f3f3f3;flex-shrink:1;flex-grow:1;flex-basis:255px;background-clip:content-box;padding:0 15px;margin-top:30px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .subscribe-buybox{background-color:#f3f3f3;flex-shrink:1;flex-grow:4;flex-basis:300px;background-clip:content-box;padding:0 15px;margin-top:30px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .subscribe-buybox-nature-plus{background-color:#f3f3f3;flex-shrink:1;flex-grow:4;flex-basis:100%;background-clip:content-box;padding:0 15px;margin-top:30px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .title-readcube,.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .title-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:10%;margin-left:10%;font-size:24px;line-height:32px;color:#222;padding-top:30px;text-align:center;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .title-asia-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:5%;margin-left:5%;font-size:24px;line-height:32px;color:#222;padding-top:30px;text-align:center;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .asia-link{color:#069;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;font-size:1.05em;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:1.05em6}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .access-readcube{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:10%;margin-left:10%;font-size:14px;color:#222;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .access-asia-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:5%;margin-left:5%;font-size:14px;color:#222;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .access-buybox{display:block;margin:0;margin-right:10%;margin-left:10%;font-size:14px;color:#222;opacity:.8px;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .price-buybox{display:block;font-size:30px;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;padding-top:30px;text-align:center}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .price-buybox-to{display:block;font-size:30px;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;text-align:center}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .price-info-text{font-size:16px;padding-right:10px;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .price-value{font-size:30px;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .price-per-period{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .price-from{font-size:14px;padding-right:10px;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:20px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .issue-buybox{display:block;font-size:13px;text-align:center;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:19px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .no-price-buybox{display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:18px;text-align:center;padding-right:10%;padding-left:10%;padding-bottom:20px;padding-top:30px;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .vat-buybox{display:block;margin-top:5px;margin-right:20%;margin-left:20%;font-size:11px;color:#222;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:15px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:17px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .tax-buybox{display:block;width:100%;color:#222;padding:20px 16px;text-align:center;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;line-height:NaNpx}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-container{display:flex;padding-right:20px;padding-left:20px;justify-content:center}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-container>*{flex:1px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-container>a:hover,.Button-1078489254:hover,.Button-2496381730:hover{text-decoration:none}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .readcube-button{background:#fff;margin-top:30px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-asia{background:#069;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;padding:9px;outline:0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;min-width:80px;margin-top:75px}.BuyBoxSection-683559780 .button-label-asia,.ButtonLabel-3296148077,.ButtonLabel-1651148777{display:block;color:#fff;font-size:17px;line-height:20px;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,”Helvetica Neue”,sans-serif;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer}.Button-1078489254,.Button-2496381730{background:#069;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;padding:9px;outline:0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;min-width:80px;max-width:320px;margin-top:10px}.Button-1078489254 .readcube-label,.Button-2496381730 .readcube-label{color:#069}
/* style specs end */

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

from$1.95

to$39.95

Learn more

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Predicted probability of having any BSID III score less than 70 according to change in weight z-score.

Data availability

Access to the Vermont Oxford Network Extremely Low Birth Weight Follow-Up database can be granted by emailing EME ([email protected]).

References

  1. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Walsh MC, Carlo WA, Shankaran S, et al. Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993-2012. JAMA. 2015;314:1039–51.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  2. Katz TA, Vliegenthart RJS, Aarnoudse-Moens CSH, Leemhuis AG, Beuger S, Blok GJ, et al. Severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 and 5 years corrected age. J Pediatr. 2022;243:40–6.e2.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  3. DeMauro SB. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56:3509–17.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  4. Malavolti AM, Bassler D, Arlettaz-Mieth R, Faldella G, Latal B, Natalucci G. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia-impact of severity and timing of diagnosis on neurodevelopment of preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2018;2:e000165.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gallini F, Coppola M, De Rose DU, Maggio L, Arena R, Romano V, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants: the role of severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Early Hum Dev. 2021;152:105275.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, Wright LL, Wrage LA, Poole WK. Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1253–61.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gaultier C. Malnutrition and lung growth. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1991;10:278–86.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  8. Belfort MB, Rifas-Shiman SL, Sullivan T, Collins CT, McPhee AJ, Ryan P, et al. Infant growth before and after term: effects on neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e899–906.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  9. Franz AR, Pohlandt F, Bode H, Mihatsch WA, Sander S, Kron M, et al. Intrauterine, early neonatal, and postdischarge growth and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5.4 years in extremely preterm infants after intensive neonatal nutritional support. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e101–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bando N, Fenton TR, Yang J, Ly L, Luu TM, Unger S, et al. Association of postnatal growth changes and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm neonates of <29 weeks’ gestation. J Pediatr. 2023;256:63–9.e2.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jensen EA, Schmidt B. Epidemiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2014;100:145–57.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jeng SF, Hsu CH, Tsao PN, Chou HC, Lee WT, Kao HA, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia predicts adverse developmental and clinical outcomes in very-low-birthweight infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50:51–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brumbaugh JE, Colaizy TT, Patel NM, Klein JM. The changing relationship between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cognition in very preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2018;107:1339–44.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  14. Madden J, Kobaly K, Minich NM, Schluchter M, Wilson-Costello D, Hack M. Improved weight attainment of extremely low-gestational-age infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Perinatol. 2010;30:103–11.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  15. Natarajan G, Johnson YR, Brozanski B, Farrow KN, Zaniletti I, Padula MA, et al. Postnatal weight gain in preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Perinatol. 2014;31:223–30.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bauer SE, Schneider L, Lynch SK, Malleske DT, Shepherd EG, Nelin LD. Factors associated with neurodevelopmental impairment in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2020;218:22–7.e2.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mataloun MM, Leone CR, Mascaretti RS, Dohlnikoff M, Rebello CM. Effect of postnatal malnutrition on hyperoxia-induced newborn lung development. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2009;42:606–13.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  18. Poindexter BB, Martin CR. Impact of nutrition on bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42:797–806.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  19. Decollogne L, Epiard C, Chevallier M, Ego A, Alin L, Debillon T. Neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years of age in children born before 29 weeks’ gestation with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Arch Pediatr. 2021;28:23–8.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  20. Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Respiratory phenotypes for preterm infants, children, and adults: bronchopulmonary dysplasia and more. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15:530–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  21. Wu KY, Jensen EA, White AM, Wang Y, Biko DM, Nilan K, et al. Characterization of disease phenotype in very preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:1398–406.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  22. Li Ching Ng L, Patel S, Plourde H, Besner ME, Lapointe A, Bizgu V, et al. The association between BMI trajectories and bronchopulmonary dysplasia among very preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2023;93:1609–15.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  23. Belfort MB, Gillman MW, Buka SL, Casey PH, McCormick MC. Preterm infant linear growth and adiposity gain: trade-offs for later weight status and intelligence quotient. J Pediatr. 2013;163:1564–9.e2.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bell KA, Matthews LG, Cherkerzian S, Palmer C, Drouin K, Pepin HL, et al. Associations of growth and body composition with brain size in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2019;214:20–6.e2.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ramel SE, Gray HL, Christiansen E, Boys C, Georgieff MK, Demerath EW. Greater early gains in fat-free mass, but not fat mass, are associated with improved neurodevelopment at 1 year corrected age for prematurity in very low birth weight preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2016;173:108–15.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nakanishi H, Uchiyama A, Kusuda S. Impact of pulmonary hypertension on neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a cohort study. J Perinatol. 2016;36:890–6.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  27. Choi EK, Shin SH, Kim EK, Kim HS. Developmental outcomes of preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension at 18–24 months of corrected age. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19:26.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  28. Martin M, Smith L, Hofheimer JA, McGowan EC, O’Shea TM, Pastyrnak S, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and neurobehavioural outcomes at birth and 2 years in infants born before 30 weeks. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2023;108:142–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Funding

EME receives a grant from Vermont Oxford Network.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neonatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Fernando A. Munoz & Emily Hawkins Carter

  2. Vermont Oxford Network, Burlington, VT, USA

    Erika M. Edwards

  3. College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA

    Erika M. Edwards

  4. Robert Larner, MD, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA

    Erika M. Edwards

  5. Graduate Programs in Human Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Maggie Jerome

  6. Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Jonathan S. Litt

  7. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jonathan S. Litt

  8. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Jonathan S. Litt

Authors

  1. Fernando A. Munoz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in
    PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Emily Hawkins Carter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in
    PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Erika M. Edwards
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in
    PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maggie Jerome
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in
    PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jonathan S. Litt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in
    PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

FAM contributed to study conceptualization and design, data interpretation, and drafted the initial manuscript. EHC and JSL contributed to study conceptualization and design, data interpretation, and revision of the manuscript. EME was responsible for data acquisition, initial analysis, creation of tables and figures, and contributed to revision of the manuscript. MJ contributed to data interpretation and revision of the manuscript. All authors approve the final manuscript as submitted.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to
Fernando A. Munoz.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

No IRB or other ethics board approval was required for this study. This study was completed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Munoz, F.A., Carter, E.H., Edwards, E.M. et al. Does faster weight trajectory lead to improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in ELBW infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia?.
J Perinatol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-023-01808-z

Download citation

  • Received: 05 June 2023

  • Revised: 25 September 2023

  • Accepted: 18 October 2023

  • Published: 28 October 2023

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-023-01808-z

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

news

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *