Lehane, who works for an investment bank, was given a sewing machine for his 21st birthday as a creative outlet. But even for those who wouldn’t dream of using one, Lehane recommends learning some simple repair skills, including basic darning, hemming web (a sew-free way to bond fabrics) and at-home, washing-machine dye packs made from environmentally-friendly dyes.

For as long as he can remember, Lehane has favoured clothes with a story: the thrill of finding an oversized tweed coat with shoulder pads in his granddad’s wardrobe, for instance, always appealed far more than a spending spree in Primark. It’s a trait that comes with wider environmental benefits, too. Repair allows favourite pieces to be given a longer lifespan, while upcycling satisfies the hunger for new clothing by altering existing ones.

In its current form, the fashion industry largely operates using a linear model. Every year, more than 100 billion items of new clothing are made, yet 92 million tonnes of annual textiles waste is sent to landfill, in part because only 1% of textiles is currently recycled back into clothing. With the fashion industry contributing up to 10% of global carbon emissions, a report by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation calls for a transition to a circular economy, with new models of accessing clothes, including repair, rental and second-hand shopping.

Rebecca Early, professor of circular design futures at University College London and co-founder of World Circular Textiles Day, says this is an area ripe for entrepreneurs. “The adverts from brands that came through my social media feeds were one of the biggest challenges [to stop buying new clothes]. I unsubscribed from them,” she tells BBC Culture. “Busy women who like clothes – and who have changing needs and body sizes – would benefit from being able to easily access a range of services to help them clothe themselves and their families. We need a click-and-collect range of options to complement our carefully curated and well-cared for slow wardrobes.”

Repair and restore

Jennie Soulsby, from Hertfordshire, UK, began shopping her own wardrobe during lockdown in 2020, and now regularly uses repair and restoration services, which have grown in numbers and popularity over recent years. The Seam, which connects skilled menders, cleaners and restorers with the public online, has seen sales rise by almost 300% year-on-year in 2022, while Sojo secured £1.8 m ($2.2m) in funding for its app.

“This led to a process of re-evaluating my clothes – selling some things on, repairing others and only buying five new items a year. Everything else is second-hand,” Souslby explains. In the last year alone, she has repaired three items (a pair of jeans, boots and a skirt) and altered a pair of trousers and jeans to change the silhouettes.

For some, the comparative price of repairs and alterations to buying new from fast fashion brands can be too high: it costs £20 ($25) to repair a tear and £30 ($37) to create a new neckline on a shirt at The Seam. But for Soulsby, it comes down to value and mindset.

“If you love something, and you know it is so old you wouldn’t be able to source it again then it is absolutely worth keeping,” she says. “It’s hard to find things you really love and want to keep wearing – with all of the good times and memories that attach themselves to those items.”

Soulsby’s reevaluation of her wardrobe included tackling the hunger for new clothes, driven by brands pushing trends and new pieces, sometimes on a daily basis. She says it’s a model that even some second-hand sellers have adopted. “Lots of sellers echo the ‘drop’ model so they keep up that feeling that you have to have it. I think it can lead to rash impulses and poor buys.”

Lisa Wenske, a copywriter from Berlin and loyal second-hand shopper, agrees. She made a New Year’s resolution in 2017 to only buy second-hand clothing for a year – both out of necessity (a shoestring budget) and a growing concern for the effects of fast fashion on garment workers and the planet. The resolution became a habit; Wenske rarely buys new clothes.

“Making this change meant I really had to form new habits,” she explains. “I learned what fabrics to look out for, and which to avoid – 70s dresses look great for example, but are often made from stiff polyester – and what shapes work for me. I still find amazingly budget-friendly items in charity shops and flea markets, but second-hand shopping isn’t always cheap, and you have to invest time. It’s not as straightforward as walking into Zara, but you appreciate the treasures you find more.”

For Wenske, she budgets the same way as she would if buying new – around £50 ($61) to £80 ($98) for a dress. She says this level gives shoppers access to more curated vintage shops, be it online or on the high street, with better service and maybe even returns, saving time in the process.

With many online resale sites not offering returns, Wenske recommends visiting physical shops to learn your size in specific brands. “I buy a lot of second-hand items from brands that are current, like Cos, Reformation, Ganni or Rixo. With all of these I popped into their shops to understand what size fits right – and then bought the dress I wanted on Vestiaire Collective or similar platforms,” she says.

Renting clothes is another way to help satisfy the craving for new items, especially for one-off special occasions. A dress by The Vampire’s Wife, which retails for £1,995 ($2,443), is available to rent for around £40 ($49) a day on My Wardrobe HQ. The company also offers a subscription service, where customers pay a monthly fee – starting from £59 ($72) – to keep pieces in their wardrobe in monthly rotation. “The subscription model appeals to people who are looking at clothes in a very different way, with a sustainability head on,” says co-founder Sacha Newall.

Few people buy new clothes out of necessity; fashion is far more often a form of self-expression. Yet the current model, propelled by trends and endless new drops, seems at odds with this sentiment, which perhaps explains why 30% of clothes in our wardrobes have not been worn for at least a year.

“If you buy fast fashion, you mostly buy into trends, and they’re chosen by someone else. With second-hand, you really have to think about what you like and how you want to express yourself with clothes,” Wenske says. “I only developed something resembling a personal style once I started buying second-hand. For me, it was a way of getting to know myself better – and definitely something I’d recommend.”

Three Things to Help Heal the Planet by Ana Santi is published by Welbeck Balance

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