Food security and nutrition are critical challenges facing the African continent. While Africa boasts a rich history of diverse edible plant species, the current scenario presents a worrying picture. A mere 20 plant species now provide 90% of the food consumed in Africa, leading to a significant reduction in food diversity. This heavy reliance on a small number of food items has significantly contributed to food and nutrition insecurity across the continent.
The Problem of Monoculture
The current agrifood system in Africa has not delivered the desired results. Monoculture, or the cultivation of single crops over large areas, is a significant contributor to this issue. Not only has it led to a decrease in agrobiodiversity, but it has also resulted in ecological and environmental degradation. As the continent grapples with the impacts of climate change and violent conflict, food insecurity has worsened in regions such as East Africa, as highlighted by a study. The alarming statistics on poverty, inequality, and food security, as presented by Statista, further underline the urgency of the situation.
The Potential of Neglected and Underutilised Crops
However, the solution to these problems may lie in Africa’s rich agrobiodiversity. Research has identified several neglected and underutilised crop species such as Bambara groundnut, cowpea, pigeon pea, millet, sorghum, and African leafy vegetables. These crops are not only nutritious but they are also resilient, and can withstand harsh climatic conditions. Mainstreaming these crops could significantly boost agrobiodiversity and improve plant resilience in times of climate change.
Empowering Smallholder Farmers and Women
The cultivation of these neglected and underutilised crops is particularly relevant in the context of smallholder agriculture. Small farms have the potential to contribute significantly to poverty reduction, rural development, and improved dietary diversity. Women, who play a crucial role in African agriculture, can also be empowered through the production and conservation of these crop species. This can lead to a more socially just agrifood system that not only celebrates Africa’s heritage but also contributes to achieving food sovereignty, sustainable livelihoods, social justice, and environmental wellbeing.
The Need for Policy Changes
Despite the apparent benefits, the cultivation of these underutilised crops is not widespread. The reason for this is largely due to socio-cultural perceptions, lack of awareness, and policy issues. There is a need for significant policy changes to encourage the production and consumption of these crops. This, coupled with awareness campaigns to dispel social stigma, could lead to a shift in food consumption patterns, promoting a more diverse and nutritious diet.
Conclusion
As Africa continues to face the challenges of poverty, inequality, and food insecurity, strengthening agricultural strategies, promoting investments in agricultural infrastructure, and focusing on ecosystem management and production system improvement are critical. The cultivation of neglected and underutilised crops represents a viable and sustainable solution. By reviving Africa’s rich agrobiodiversity, the continent can embark on a journey towards improved nutritional security, sustainable livelihoods, and environmental wellbeing.